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Young Heroes
of the
Civil War.
Thomas Hughes's Tribute to the Young Heroes in the
American Civil War, published under the title
OF "Peace on Earth" in "Macmillan's
Magazine," London, January, 1866.
The last time that the season of " peace on earth and good will to
men" came round, the great struggle between the free and slave
powers in America had not yet come to death-grips. Here, at
least, many people still believed that the Southern States could not
be subdued, and were sure, sooner or later, to establish their
independence, and a new policy which would act for the rest of
time as a healthy corrective to the dangerously popular institutions
and ideas of New England. The year has passed, and the great
revolutionary epic of our time has closed. Perhaps some of us
may still stop short of Mr. Seward's triumphant summing up.
"Death," he says, in his yearly address to his fellow-citizens at
Auburn, "death has removed his victims; liberty has crowned
her heroes; humanity has crowned her mart3Ts; the sick and
the stricken are cured; the surviving combatants are fraternizing;
and the country the object of our just pride and lawful affection
once more stands collected and composed, firmer, stronger, and
more majestic than ever before, without one cause of dangerous
discontent at home, and without an enemy in the world." We
may think him somewhat too hopeful in the breadth of his asser-
tions, and may have our fears that it may take a generation yet to
weld again into one brotherhood all the States of the Union. But,
when he predicts so fearlessly that "under next October's sun he
shall be able, with his fellow-townsmen in Auburn, to rejoice in
the restoration of peace, harmony, and union throughout the
land," we cannot but own that earlier prophecies of his, which
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seemed at least as rash, have been fulfilled almost to the letter.
In any case, we do all willingly now admit, and honor, the mar-
vellous energy and constancy "with which the great game has been
played out by the American people. As one of the many English-
men whose faith in that people never faltered during the contest, I
do most heartily rejoice to see that all classes of my countrymen
are at last not only ready to appreciate, but hearty in their appre-
ciation of, what has been done for freedom in America in this
revolutionary war. I am sure that we now only want further
knowledge of facts to honor our kith and kin across the Atlantic
as they deserve to be honored for the glorious sacrifices which
they made of all that w^as most precious and dearest to them in a
struggle upon which not only their own life as a nation, but the
future of at least one-third of the world, was at stake.
In this belief, I think that Christmas is the right time for bring-
ing out into somewhat clearer light a side of the drama which has
not been as yet fairly presented to us here : I mean, first, the strain
on the resources of the Northern States while the war lasted; and,
secondly, the heroism of the men of gentle birth and nurture, who,
so far from shrinking from the work, and fighting by substitute
(as was asserted by some of our leading journals), took at least
their fair share of all the dangers and miseries and toils of those
dark years.
First, then, as to the people's work; and, highly as we may
value the men who have come to the front, and whose names as
soldiers and statesmen are now known over the whole world, we
must acknowledge that the true hero of the war is, after all, the
American people. In pro'of of this I will take one or two of the
Northern States, and look for a moment at what the call was
which was made on them, and how they answered to it. Let us
look, as a first instance, at the smallest in area of all the States
and the smallest in population of all the free States. Little Rhode
Island, at the census of i860, just before the breaking out of the
war, contained a population of 174,620. As usual in the Eastern
States, the females considerably exceeded the males, and of the
latter there were 82,304 altogether. Up to December i, 1862,
that is to say, in less than two years from the first call of the Presi-
dent for troops, Rhode Island furnished 14,626 men to the army
and 1,400 to the navy, or almost one in five of her total male popu-
lation, and, of course, far more than that proportion of her men
of fighting age, between 18 and 45. In the first enthusiasm, when
the call for 500,000 men came in the summer of 1861, the quota of
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Rhode Island was 4,057, and she furnished 5,124. I do not give
the later returns, because there appears to have been a large num-
ber of substitutes amongst her recruits after 1862, and I have no
means of knowing whether these were or were not natives of the
State. There is no need to overstate the case, and I should on
every account shrink from doing so. Rhode Island, though the
smallest, is tenth in rank of all the States as a producer, and her
people are consequently rich and prosperous. If, in the later
years of the war, they found substitutes in large numbers, it must
be, at the same time, remembered that they contributed more
largely than any other State, in proportion to numbers, to that
noblest of all charities, the Sanitary Commission.
But Englishmen will very likely say, " Give us an instance of
any but a New England State: they are exceptional." Let us
take Indiana, then, one of the mighty young Western sisters, a
community scarce half a century old. A stronger contrast to
Rhode Island could scarcely have been found. Indiana in i860
possessed 8,161,717 acres of improved farming land, Rhode Island
but 329,884. Indiana was fifth of all the States in agricultural
production, and thirteenth in manufacturing, Rhode Island
standing tenth, or three higher than her gigantic younger sister.
Yet we find the same readiness of response to the President's call
to arms amongst the Western farmers as amongst New England
mechanics and merchants. The population of Indiana is returned
in the census of i860 at 1,350,428, and her males at 693,469. On
the 31st of December, 1862, she had furnished 102,698 soldiers,
besides a militia home -guard when her frontiers were threatened.
When Morgan made his raid into the State, 60,000 tendered their
services within twenty-four hours, and nearly 20,000 were on his
track within three days. I do not happen in this case to have the
later returns, and so must turn back to New England, to the old
Puritan Bay State, to give one perfect example of what the Ameri-
can people did in the great struggle.
Massachusetts, at the outbreak of the war, held a population of
1,230,000, or thereabouts, out of which there were 257,833 males
between the ages of fifteen and forty. The first blood shed in the
war against the slave power, as in the Revolutionary War against
England, was Massachusetts blood. The Sixth Massachusetts
was fired on in the streets of Baltimore on April 19, 1861, and had
to fight its way through the town, losing four killed and thirty
wounded in the operation. Well, the number of men demanded
of Massachusetts during the war was 117,624. The number
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furnished by her (reducing all to the three years' standard) was
125,437, being a surplus over all calls of 7,813. Besides these,
6,670 were mustered in answer to a call for three months' men in
1864, which were never credited to her by the government. Look
at the meaning now of this other fact, that she has actually sent
more men to the war than are now to be found in the State liable
to do mihtary duty. How does this tell as to wear and tear of the
human material in those Southern campaigns ? The last assessors'
return gave these at 133,767; while the total number who served
(including three and nine months' men, and not adhering to the
three years' standard) was 153,486. Out of these, how many does
the reader (who has probably heard more or less of " stopping the
war by prohibiting emigration from Ireland," and of "New Eng-
land hiring foreign mercenaries to do the fighting") think were
foreign recruits? Just 907. This does not include men born
out of the State, but resident or naturalized there before the war
broke out. These latter, however, I suppose could not come
within the definition of foreign mercenaries; and, of foreigners
arriving in America during the war, Massachusetts enhsted, as I
have said, 907 out of 150,000. While on this point, I may add
that the most reliable statistics as to the whole forces of the North
show that of native-born Americans there were nearly eighty per
cent., of naturalized Americans fifteen, and of foreigners five per
cent, only, in the ranks.
I can honestly say that I have chosen these States at hazard, and
that a scrutiny of the remaining free States would give a very
similar result. And now let us consider what that result is.
Rhode Island, Indiana, and Massachusetts may, perhaps, equal in
population this metropolis with its immediate suburbs; while one
of them alone actually sent to active service, in the four years of
the war, an army equal in numbers to the total volunteer force now
under arms in Great Britain. Rhode Island is not so populous as
Sheffield; and in eighteen months she armed and sent South
15,000 of her citizens. I know that England, in like need, would
be equal to a like effort. Let us honor, then, as they deserve the
people of our own Hneage, to whom the call has come, and who
have met it.
I need scarcely pause to note how the Northern people have
paid in purse as well as in person. Let one instance suffice. In
1864 the assessment of Massachusetts for taxes to support the
general government amounted to fourteen milHons, every fraction
of which was collected without impediment or delay. Add to
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this the State taxation and the amounts contributed to the Sani-
tary Commission and other organizations for distributing volun-
tary contributions in support of the war, and we should reach a
figure almost exceeding belief. I have no means of stating it
accurately, but am quite safe in putting it as high as twenty-five
million dollars, actually raised and paid, by a State with a popula-
tion less than half of that of our metropolis, in one twelvemonth.
And now for my second point, the example set by the men of
birth, wealth, and high position. Here, too, I feel sure that a few
simple facts, taken at hazard from the mass which I have under
my hand, will be more than enough to satisfy every just and
generous man amongst my countrymen; and I am proud to be-
lieve that, whatever our prejudices may be, there are few indeed
amongst us to whom such an appeal will be made in vain.
I have said above that the mass of materials is large: I might
have said unmanageable. It is, indeed, impossible to take more
than an example here and there, and to bring these out as clearly
as one can in the limits of an article. Let me take as mine a
family or two, with some one or more of whose members I have
the honor of friendship or acquaintance. And, first, that of J.
Russell Lowell, the man to whose works I owe more, personally,
than to those of any other American. It would be hard to find a
nobler record. The young men of this stock seem to have been
all of high mark, distinguished specially for intellectual power and
attainments. Surely, the sickle of war has never been put more
unsparingly into any field. First in order comes Willie Putnam,
age twenty-one, the sole surviving son of Lowell's sister, a boy of
the highest culture and promise, mortally wounded at Ball's Bluff
in October, 1861, in the first months of the war, while in the act of
going to the help of a wounded companion. At the same bitter
fight his cousin, James Jackson Lowell, aged twenty-four, was
badly hurt, but, after a short absence to recruit, joined his regi-
ment again, and fell on June 30, 1862. "Tell my father I was
dressing the line of my company when I was hit," was his last
message home. He had been first in his year at Harvard, and was
taking private pupils in the law school when the war broke out.
Warren Russell fell at BuU's Run in August, 1862. Many of
us here may remember the account, which was reprinted in the
''Times" and other papers, of the presentation of colors to the
Second Massachusetts Infantry by Mr. Motley, at Boston, in the
summer of 1861. It attracted special notice from the fact that
the author of the "History of the Dutch Republic" had been
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so lately living amongst us, and was so well known and liked here.
The group of ojB&cers who received these colors were the very
jeunessedoreeoi Massachusetts, Quincy, D wight, Abbot, Robeson,
Russell, Shaw, Gordon, Savage, Perkins. Such a roll will speak
volumes to all who have any acquaintance with New England
history. Those colors have come home riddled, tattered,
blackened; but five-sixths of the young officers have given their
lives for them, and of the one thousand rank and file who then
surrounded them, scarcely one hundred and fifty survive. This
by the way. I refer to the muster because Robert Shaw was
amongst those officers, a name already honored in those pages,
and another nephew of Lowell's. Shaw's sister married Charles
Lowell, of whom more presently. We all know how Robert
Shaw, after two years' gallant service, accepted the command of
the first black regiment raised in Massachusetts (the Fifty-Fourth);
how he led them in the operations before Charleston, and was
buried with his "niggers" in the pit under Fort Wagner, the
grandest sepulture earned by any soldier of this century. By his
side fought and died Cabot Russell, the third of Lowell's nephews,
then a captain of a black company. Stephen George Perkins,
another nephew, was killed at Cedar Creek; and Francis Button
Russell at one of the innumerable Virginia battles.
I pass to the last on the list, and the most remarkable. Charles
Russell Lowell, the only brother of the James who died "dressing
his line," was also the first scholar of his year (1854) at Harvard.
He had visited Europe for health, and made long riding tours in
Spain and Algeria, where he became a consummate horseman.
On the day after the Sixth Massachusetts were fired on in Balti-
more streets, Charles Lowell heard of it, and started by the next
train to Washington, passing through Baltimore. AH communica-
tion between the two cities was suspended, but he arrived on foot
at Washington in forty-eight hours. In those first days of con-
fusion he became agent for Massachusetts at Washington, and
brought order out of chaos, for his own State, before joining the
army. His powers ซof command and organization gained him
rapid promotion. He served with distinction in the Peninsula
campaigns of McClellan, and, after Antietam, was selected to
carry the captured standards to Washington. He raised a second
cavalry regiment at home in the winter of 1862. He was placed
in command of the cavalry force which protected Washington
during the dark days of 1863. In Sheridan's brilliant campaign
of 1864 he commanded the cavalry brigade, of four regular regi-
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ments, and the Second Massachusetts volunteer cavalry. He had
thirteen horses shot under him before the battle of Cedar Creek
on October 19; was badly wounded early in that day, and lifted
on to his fourteenth horse to lead the final charge, so faint that he
had to give his orders in a whisper. Urged by those round him to
leave the field, he pressed on to the critical point of attack; and
himself led the last charge, which ended one of the most obstinate
battles of the war. It is the death of this nephew which wrung
from his uncle the Hues which occur in one of the last "Biglow
Papers " published in one of last winter's numbers of the Atlantic
Magazine:
"Wut's words to them whose faith and truth
On War's red techstone rang true metal,
Who ventured life, an' love, an' youth,
For the gret prize o' deth in battle ?
To him who, deadly hurt, agen
Flashed on afore the charge's thunder,
. Tippin' with fire the bolt of men
That rived the rebel line asunder ?
" 'Ta'n't right to hev the young go fust,
All throbbin' full o' gifts and graces.
Leaving life's paupers dry as dust
To try and make b'lieve fill their places;
Nothin' but tells us wut we miss:
Ther's gaps our lives can't never bay in,
An' thet world seems so fur from this,
Lef for us loafers to grow gray in."
He died next day of his wounds, leaving a widow of twenty, him-
self not thirty. The gazette, in which his commission as general
was published, did not reach the army till after his death.
Sheridan, with the generosity which most of the great Northern
captains have shown, declared that the country could better have
spared himself, and that there was no one quality of a soldier
which he could have wished added to Charles Lowell.
My first example, then, gives us one family, in which there was
no soldier in i860, losing eight young men under thirty in little
more than three years' fighting.
I have mentioned the name of Motley above. Let us see how it
fared with his circle. He has assured me more than once that of
his own immediate family there were fewer than the average in
the ranks; but he had at least five near relatives^serving, three
Lothrops, one of whom was killed Jn Louisiana ;^^ Major Motley,
badly wounded in Virginia early in 1864; and Major Stackpole,
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another highly distinguished graduate of Harvard, who served
through the whole war, and has now resumed his practice as a
barrister. Miss Motley married Captain Ives, a gentleman of
fortune in Rhode Island, who was travelling in Europe when the
war broke out. He volunteered into the navy, commanded the
Potomac flotilla, and accompanied Burnside's expedition to North
Carolina, where he contracted the illness of which he has since
died. His cousin, Robert Ives, also a man of large fortune,
volunteered into the army, and was killed at Antietam. I believe
they were the two last men who bore the name of Ives in their
State.
The name of Wadsworth is better known here than most Ameri-
can names in consequence of its English connection. The head
of the family was a country gentleman living on his estates in
Geneseo, in New York State, up to i860, with a family of three
sons and three daughters. At the news of the attack on the Union
troops in Baltimore he instantly chartered a steamer, loaded her
with provisions, and sent her up the Potomac, a most timely aid
to the capital. He acted as aide-de-camp to McDowell, and was
his right hand man in the Bull Run Campaign, "his youngest as
well as his oldest aide"; was made a general soon afterwards; and
after several campaigns was placed in command of Washington.
His reputation as an ofhcer had now become such that at the
beginning of the last campaign every corps commander of the
Army of the Potomac applied to the War Department to have
him with them as brigadier. He was killed in the Wilderness in
the last advance on Richmond. His three sons have all served,
the youngest having enlisted at sixteen. Thus every man in the
family served; and the only married daughter is the widow of
Colonel Montgomery Ritchie, one of two brothers, both of whom
served with distinction, one to the sacrifice of his life by the same
subtle disease that struck down Captain Ives.
I could go to any length, for my acquaintance with Americans
is large, and I scarcely know a man who has not lost some relative
in the war. But apart from one's own acquaintance there is
scarcely one of the famous colonial and Revolutionary names which
has not been represented. The Jays, Adamses, Schuylers, Living-
stons, Van Rensselaers, have not failed their country in her second
great need, and have fought well and worked hard, though the
present holders of these honored names, mostly quiet young men,
have not had time to reach their ancestors' places. The bearers
of great names, I take it, do not get such a start in the States as
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with us at home. A descendant (grandson, I believe) of Alex-
ander Hamilton, however, became a general, while several of his
cousins remained in lower ranks. Colonel Fletcher Webster,
only surviving son of Daniel Webster, was killed in Virginia.
Perhaps the man who excited most the hopes and martial
enthusiasm of Am.ericans in the first month of the war was Major
Theodore Winthrop, a descendant of the famous Governor John
Winthrop, scholar, traveller, poet, athlete, who was killed at the
disastrous battle of Great Bethel, June lo, 1861. A son of
General Porter, who was distinguished in the last war with us, fell
as a colonel in the spring campaign of 1864. Even the families
famous, as yet, for wealth only have not shrunk from the fighting,
one Astor, at least, and Cuttings, Schermerhorns, Lydigs, and
others, having held their own in the volunteer ranks.
Or let us come to names more famihar than any other trans-
atlantic ones to us the Boston group. Longfellow's young son
(Charlie, as I hear all men call him) has managed to fight a cam-
paign, and get badly hit in Louisiana, at an age when our boys
are thinking of their Freshman's term at Oxford. Oliver Wendell
Holmes (junior), poet, artist, Greek scholar, virtuoso, has been
twice I was going to say killed well, shot through the body and
neck and again in the heel; and, having fought through all to
the end of the war, is again busy with brush and pen. Olmstead
has fought with mightier weapons than rifled cannon, at the head
of the Sanitary Commission. Of four brothers Dwight, two were
killed and a third fought his way to General. Whittiers, Apple-
tons, Lorings, Crowninshields, Dehons but I will tax my readers'
patience no longer with rolls of names which perhaps, to most of
them, will be names and nothing more. Let this last summing
up of the work of men of birth and position in one State sufiice
(I choose Massachusetts again, because, thanks to Governor
Andrew, we have more accurate returns as to her over here than
as to any other State): Since the declaration of war, 434 officers
from Massachusetts have been killed, 9 Generals, 16 Colonels,
17 Lieutenant-colonels, 20 Majors, 15 Surgeons, 2 Chaplains,
no Captains, and 245 Lieutenants. Of the 35 General officers
from that State, 10 only have escaped wounds.
Of all the Kving graduates of Harvard (the university of highest
repute in America), one -fifth, or, to be as accurate as possible,
nineteen and some fraction per cent., have served with the army.
At Yale College the percentage has been even higher. Con-
ceive a struggle which should bring one in every five of men who
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have taken degrees at Oxford and Cambridge under fire, and
which should call on us, besides our regular army, to keep on foot
and recruit for three years a volunteer army five times as large as
our present one.
Such plain facts and returns as these will, I am sure, convince
the last skeptic if there be one left amongst us at this Yule tide,
1865 thiit New England has not spared of her best blood in the
great day of the Lord, under the burden and heat of which the
whole North has reeled and staggered indeed, but without ever
bating heart or hope, and always gaining fresh power, through
three years of war, which have seemed nay, which have been a
lifetime. In such crises time is not measured by years or days.
The America which looked on paralyzed and doubtful when
John Brown prophesied all these things on his way to the scaffold,
kissing a negro child as he passed along, while Stonewall Jackson
and his pupils guarded the gibbet, the America of State
sovereignty and Dred Scott law, in which the gospel news meant
avowedly "good will to white men," and abolitionism was loathed
as a vulgar and mischievous fanaticism, is as far behind us to-day,
for all practical purposes, as the England of the Stuarts or the
France of the Regency. What this means, for the Old World as
well as for the New, I will not pause to consider. My estimate
might raise smiles or provoke criticism amongst us, both of which
(good as they are in their right time and place) I am anxious here
to avoid.
I prefer, at parting, to endeavor to put my readers in sympathy
with the spirit, the heart, and conscience of the North, in the
presence of their astounding success. I cannot do this better
than by a glance at the commemoration of the living and dead
soldiers of the Harvard University. Commemoration Day at
Harvard, in July, 1865, must indeed have stamped itself indelibly
on the memories of all those sons of the first of American univer-
sities who were present at the gathering. To me, I own, even the
meagre reports one got over here in the American papers were
unspeakably touching. The irrepressible joy of a people
delivered, after years of stern work and patient waiting, from an
awful burden, almost too heavy for mortal shoulders to bear,
tempered, as it was, by the tenderest sympathy for the families
of the fallen, and a solemn turning to give glory and thanks, with
full heart, to that God who giveth victory, and healeth wounded
spirits, and standeth above His people as the shadow of a great
rock in a weary land, the mingled cry of triumph and agony,
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and trust and love, which went up from the very heart of that
meeting, must ever, to my mind, rank amongst the most noble,
the most sublime pieces of history of the century in which we are
living. Let the reader consider the following as compared with
the ordinary commemoration poetry. The fu-st is the hymn
written for the commemoration service, by Robert Lowell:
"Thy work, O God, goes on in earth.
With shouts of war, and harvest songs;
A ready will is all our worth;
To Thee our Maker all belongs.
"Thanks for our great and dear, who knew
To lavish life great needs to earn;
Our dead, our living, brave and true,
To each who served Thee in his turn.
"Show us true life as in Thy Son;
Breathe through our flesh the Holy Ghost ;
Then earth's strongholds are stormed and won;
Then man dies faithful at his post.
"They crowd behind us to this shade.
The youth who own the coming years ;
Be never God, or land, betrayed,
By any son our Harvard rears!"
My second quotation shall be a stanza from the " Commemoration
Ode," by the best known member of the family, James Russell
Lowell, author of the "Biglow Papers":
'"'Bow down, dear Land, for thou hast found release!
Thy God, in these distempered days,
Hath taught thee the sure wisdom of His ways,
And through thine enemies hath wrought thy peace 1
Bow down in prayer and praise !
O Beautiful ! my Country ! ours once more !
Smoothing thy gold of war-dishevelled hair
O'er such sweet brows as never other wore,
And letting thy set lips.
Freed from wrath's pale eclipse.
The rosy edges of their smile lay bare,
What words divine of lover or of poet
Could tell our love and make thee know it,
Among the Nations bright beyond compare ?
What were our lives without thee ?
What all our lives to save thee ?
We reck not what we gave thee;
We will not dare to doubt thee;
But ask whatever else, and we will dare!"
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Was ever truer or braver ring struck out of the metal of which
English-speaking men are made? If so, I for one have yet to
learn when and where. And now, at this Christmas time, when
their tremendous storm-cloud has broken up, and nothing but a
light streak or two of vapor is to be seen in their heavens, let us
seize this precious moment, never to recur again in their or our
history, and by graceful and loyal word and deed show them
that we honor, as it deserves, the work they have done for the
world since the election of i860, and can sympathize with their
high hopes for the future of their continent with no jealousy or
distrust, as brethren of the same stock and children of the same
Father.
This noble tribute by Thomas Hughes to the young heroes of the American Civil War
was felt at the time to be so noteworthy that it was reprinted in the report of the Adjutant-
General of Massachusetts, January i, 1866, which report altogether contains a mass of valu-
able material relating to the part of Massachusetts in the Civil War, including an accoimt of
the impressive military ceremony upon the return of the colors of the different regiments to the
State on Forefathers' Day, 1865, with the address by Governor Andrew and poem by Gen-
eral Sargent. Adjutant-General Schouler, in reprinting Mr. Hughes's memorable article, said:
"It would be folly to discriminate between the various classes of citizens which have con-
tributed of their members and stibstance to sustain the Union cause, with men and money,
during the Rebellion, when all have done so nobly. No class held back. When the Presi-
dent issued his calls for men, the men came. When the Sanitary and Christian Commissions
required contributions, to supply the sufferers in the hospitals with clothing and other neces-
sities, and to furnish good books and religious consolations to our soldiers in the field and
elsewhere, the requirements were suppUed with unstinted benevolence. There is hardly a
family in the Commonwealth that has not furnished a husband, a son, or brother to the ranks,
or that has failed to contribute liberally of its substance to their support and comfort when in
the field."
Thomas Hughes, known to boys the world over as the author of "Tom Brown's School
Days at Rugby," was born at Ufi&ngton in England, near Wantage, the birthplace of Alfred
the Great, in 1822, and died in 1896. His life was largely passed in London, in the profes-
sion of the law; and he was always active in social and poh'tical reform, being for a time
member of Parhament. He was associated with Maurice and Kingsley in the Christian
Socialist movement, and was the fovmder of the Workingraen's College in London. He was
the author of various valuable works, including "Tom Brown at Oxford" and a Life of
Alfred the Great. A complete list of his writings may be found in the careful article upon
him in the Dictionary of National Biography. There is a fine statue of him in the school-
grounds at Rugby. He had a great admiration for the poetry of Lowell, and in 1859, ^ col-
laboration with J. M. Ludlow, wrote an introduction for an EngUsh edition of the "Biglow
Papers." He was one of the most steadfast and outspoken English friends of the Union
cause during our Civil War. In 1870 he first visited the United States, and gave two addresses,
one in Boston on "John to Jonathan," and one in New York on the Labor Question. He
was afterwards interested in establishing an English colony at Rugby, Tenn.
PUBLISHED BY
THE DIRECTORS OF THE OLD SOUTH WORK,
Old South Meeting-house. Boston, Mass.
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